Understanding Screen Readers
Screen readers are assistive technologies that convert digital content into speech or braille output. They are essential tools for people who are blind or have low vision.
How Screen Readers Navigate Web Content
Screen readers don't "see" the visual layout. Instead, they parse the DOM and accessibility tree to understand document structure and interactive elements.
Document Structure
Users navigate by:
Interactive Elements
Screen readers identify:
Essential Best Practices
1. Use Semantic HTML First
Semantic elements provide built-in accessibility. Use header, nav, main, article, and footer elements appropriately.
2. Craft Meaningful Alt Text
Alt text should convey the image's purpose, not just describe it.
3. Label All Interactive Elements
Every interactive element needs an accessible name.
4. Manage Focus Properly
Focus management is critical for single-page applications.
5. Announce Dynamic Content
Use ARIA live regions for dynamic updates.
Common Screen Reader Pitfalls
Problem 1: Divs as Buttons
Screen readers don't know a styled div is clickable. Use proper button elements.Problem 2: Missing Skip Links
Keyboard users must tab through every link without skip navigation.Problem 3: Generic Link Text
"Click here" and "Read more" are meaningless out of context.Problem 4: Auto-playing Media
Unexpected audio interferes with screen reader output.Testing with Screen Readers
Test with NVDA on Windows and VoiceOver on Mac to ensure compatibility across platforms.
Conclusion
Screen reader compatibility isn't an afterthought—it's fundamental to accessible web development. Test regularly with actual screen readers.
